Municipal Government Of Toronto
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The municipal government of Toronto ( incorporated as the City of Toronto) is the
local government Local government is a generic term for the lowest tiers of public administration within a particular sovereign state. This particular usage of the word government refers specifically to a level of administration that is both geographically-loca ...
responsible for administering the city of
Toronto Toronto ( ; or ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the ancho ...
in the
Canadian province Within the geographical areas of Canada, the ten provinces and three territories are sub-national administrative divisions under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North ...
of
Ontario Ontario ( ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada, but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada. Located in Central Ca ...
. Its structure and powers are set out in the ''
City of Toronto Act The ''City of Toronto Act'' is the name of a series of different acts of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario that have governed the organization and political powers of the city since Toronto's original incorporation as a city in 1834. ''Incorpo ...
''. The powers of the City of Toronto are exercised by its
legislative body A legislature is an assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. They are often contrasted with the executive and judicial powers of government. Laws enacted by legislatures are usually known as p ...
, known as
Toronto City Council Toronto City Council is the governing body of the municipal government of Toronto, Ontario. Meeting at Toronto City Hall, it comprises 25 city councillors and the mayor of Toronto. The current term began on November 15, 2022. Structure The cur ...
, which is composed of 25 members and the mayor. The council passes municipal legislation (called
by-law A by-law (bye-law, by(e)law, by(e) law), or as it is most commonly known in the United States bylaws, is a set of rules or law established by an organization or community so as to regulate itself, as allowed or provided for by some higher authorit ...
s), approves spending, and has direct responsibility for the oversight of services delivered by the city and its agencies. The
mayor of Toronto The mayor of Toronto is the head of Toronto City Council and chief executive officer of the municipal government. The mayor is elected alongside city council every four years on the fourth Monday of October; there are no term limits. While in ...
– currently
John Tory John Howard Tory (born May 28, 1954) is a Canadian politician who has served as the 65th and current mayor of Toronto since 2014. After a career as a lawyer, political strategist and businessman, Tory ran as a mayoral candidate in the 2003 ...
– serves as the
chief executive officer A chief executive officer (CEO), also known as a central executive officer (CEO), chief administrator officer (CAO) or just chief executive (CE), is one of a number of corporate executives charged with the management of an organization especially ...
and head of council. The day-to-day operation of the municipal government is managed by the city manager who is a public servant and head of the Toronto Public Service – under the direction of the mayor and the council. The government employs over 38,000 public servants directly, as well as affiliated agencies. Its operating budget was in 2020, including over $2.1billion for the
Toronto Transit Commission The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) is the public transport agency that operates bus, subway, streetcar, and paratransit services in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, some of which run into the Peel Region and York Region. It is the oldest and largest ...
and $2billion on emergency service agencies, such as the
Toronto Police Service The Toronto Police Service (TPS) is a municipal police force in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and the primary agency responsible for providing law enforcement and policing services in Toronto. Established in 1834, it was the first local police ser ...
,
Fire Services A fire department (American English) or fire brigade (Commonwealth English), also known as a fire authority, fire district, fire and rescue, or fire service in some areas, is an organization that provides fire prevention and fire suppression se ...
and Paramedic Services.


Administration and governance

As the City of Toronto is constituted by, and derives its powers from, the province of Ontario, it is a "creature of the province" and is legally bound by various regulations and legislation of the
Ontario Legislature The Legislative Assembly of Ontario (OLA, french: Assemblée législative de l'Ontario) is the legislative chamber of the Canadian province of Ontario. Its elected members are known as Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs). Bills passed by ...
, such as the ''City of Toronto Act'', ''Municipal Elections Act'', ''Planning Act'', and others. The ''City of Toronto Act'' lays down the division of powers, responsibilities and required duties of the corporation. It provides that if the City appoints a chief administrative officer (the city manager), then that person shall be responsible for the administrative management and operation of the City. The Toronto Public Service By-law (TPS By-law), Chapter 192 of Toronto's municipal code, further strengthens the separation of the administrative components (the public service) and the political components (mayor and council) of the City of Toronto. In general, the council determines the services provided to residents and develops programs and policies, while the public service implements the council's decisions.


Toronto City Council

The council is the legislative body of the City of Toronto. It is composed of 25 city councillors (each representing a ward of around 96,800 people), along with the mayor. Elections are held every four years, in October, with the mayor and councillors being elected by Canadian citizens who live or own property in Toronto. The
mayor of Toronto The mayor of Toronto is the head of Toronto City Council and chief executive officer of the municipal government. The mayor is elected alongside city council every four years on the fourth Monday of October; there are no term limits. While in ...
, currently
John Tory John Howard Tory (born May 28, 1954) is a Canadian politician who has served as the 65th and current mayor of Toronto since 2014. After a career as a lawyer, political strategist and businessman, Tory ran as a mayoral candidate in the 2003 ...
, serves as the political head of the City of Toronto. The council is the only power able to enact Toronto laws, known as by-laws, which govern the actions of the corporation and/or matters within its jurisdiction, such as administration of the Canadian ''Criminal Code'' within its borders. It also forms several committees, including the
Board of Health Local boards or local boards of health were local authorities in urban areas of England and Wales from 1848 to 1894. They were formed in response to cholera epidemics and were given powers to control sewers, clean the streets, regulate environment ...
and "Community Councils", which hear matters relating to narrower, district issues, such as building permits and developments requiring changes to zoning by-laws. Community Council decisions, as well as those of the mayor, must be approved by the city council at regular sessions.


Toronto Public Service

The Toronto Public Service is responsible for providing politically neutral advice to council, and delivering services to the City's residents. As of March 2022, there were nearly 40,000 active employees. The city manager (formerly the chief administrative officer), who reports to the mayor and the council, is the administrative head of the City of Toronto. While the city manager and public service are ultimately accountable to the council, the council may not give specific direction to public servants, and members of the council do not manage the day-to-day operations of the city. The following senior staff report to the city manager: * Four deputy city managers (including one as chief financial officer and treasurer), each responsible for a service cluster ** Heads of divisions including general managers, executive directors and directors are responsible to the city manager through the deputy city manager of their respective cluster * Chief of staff ** Chief communications officer and directors of executive administration, governance and corporate strategy, Toronto Office of Partnerships, Intergovernmental and Agency Relations, and the Civic Innovation Office are responsible to the city manager through the chief of staff * Chief people officer * Manager of the Indigenous Affairs Office City officials reporting directly to the council: * Auditor general * Integrity commissioner * Lobbyists registrar * Ombudsman The following officials report to the council for statutory purposes, but to the city manager for administrative purposes: * City clerk * City solicitor * Medical officer of health (through the
Board of Health Local boards or local boards of health were local authorities in urban areas of England and Wales from 1848 to 1894. They were formed in response to cholera epidemics and were given powers to control sewers, clean the streets, regulate environment ...
)


Finances

The City of Toronto represents the fifth-largest municipal government in North America. It has two budgets: the ''operating'' budget, which is the cost of operating programs, services, and the cost of governing; and the ''capital'' budget, which covers the cost of building and the upkeep of infrastructure. The City's capital budget and plan for 2019–2028 is . Under the ''City of Toronto Act'', the Toronto government cannot run a deficit for its annual
operating budget The operating budget contains the revenue and expenditure generated from the daily business functions of the company; see . Edriaan Koening (N.D.What is Corporate Budgeting? chron.com It concentrates on the operating expenditures, i.e.: cost of go ...
. The city's revenues include 33% from property tax, 6% from the land transfer tax, subsidies from the
Canadian federal government The government of Canada (french: gouvernement du Canada) is the body responsible for the federal administration of Canada. A constitutional monarchy, the Crown is the corporation sole, assuming distinct roles: the executive, as the ''Crown ...
and the Ontario provincial government, and the rest from other revenues and user fees. The council has set the limit of debt charges not to exceed 15% of the property tax revenues. The city has an AA
credit rating A credit rating is an evaluation of the credit risk of a prospective debtor (an individual, a business, company or a government), predicting their ability to pay back the debt, and an implicit forecast of the likelihood of the debtor defaulting. ...
from
Standard & Poor's S&P Global Ratings (previously Standard & Poor's and informally known as S&P) is an American credit rating agency (CRA) and a division of S&P Global that publishes financial research and analysis on stocks, bonds, and commodities. S&P is con ...
, and an Aa1 credit rating from
Moody's Moody's Investors Service, often referred to as Moody's, is the bond credit rating business of Moody's Corporation, representing the company's traditional line of business and its historical name. Moody's Investors Service provides international ...
. Toronto's debt stood at $3.9billion at the end of 2016. Capital expenditures are 39% funded from debt.


History

The City of Toronto was incorporated in 1834, succeeding
York York is a cathedral city with Roman origins, sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. It is the historic county town of Yorkshire. The city has many historic buildings and other structures, such as a ...
, which was administered directly by the then-province of
Upper Canada The Province of Upper Canada (french: link=no, province du Haut-Canada) was a part of British Canada established in 1791 by the Kingdom of Great Britain, to govern the central third of the lands in British North America, formerly part of the ...
. The new city was administered by an elected council, which served a one-year term. The first mayor, chosen by the elected councillors, was
William Lyon Mackenzie William Lyon Mackenzie (March12, 1795 August28, 1861) was a Scottish Canadian-American journalist and politician. He founded newspapers critical of the Family Compact, a term used to identify elite members of Upper Canada. He represented Yor ...
. The first
by-law A by-law (bye-law, by(e)law, by(e) law), or as it is most commonly known in the United States bylaws, is a set of rules or law established by an organization or community so as to regulate itself, as allowed or provided for by some higher authorit ...
passed was ''An Act for the preventing & extinguishing of Fires''. The first mayor directly elected to the post was
Adam Wilson Sir Adam Wilson (September 22, 1814 – December 28, 1891) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in Canada West. He served as mayor of Toronto in 1859 and 1860 and in the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada for York North from 1860 ...
, elected in 1859. Through 1955 the term of office for the mayor and the council was one year; it then varied between two and three years until a four-year term was adopted starting in 2006. (See
List of Toronto municipal elections The following is a list of articles on municipal elections for Toronto City Council in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. For many years, municipal elections occurred annually in Toronto. After 1956, elections occurred every other year until ...
.) To finance operations, the municipality levied property taxes. In 1850, Toronto also started levying income taxes. Toronto levied personal income taxes until 1936, and corporate income taxes until 1944. Until 1914, Toronto grew by annexing neighbouring municipalities such as Parkdale and
Seaton Village Seaton Village is a neighbourhood and former village located west of Downtown Toronto in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is named after John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton, Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada from 1828 to 1836. Seaton Village is bordere ...
. After 1914, Toronto stopped annexing bordering municipalities, although some municipalities overwhelmed by growth requested it. After World War II, an extensive group of suburban villages and townships surrounded Toronto. Change to the legal structure came in 1954, with the creation of the Municipality of
Metropolitan Toronto The Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto was an upper-tier level of municipal government in Ontario, Canada, from 1953 to 1998. It was made up of the old city of Toronto and numerous townships, towns and villages that surrounded Toronto, whic ...
(known more popularly as "Metro") in 1954. This new regional government, which encompassed Toronto and the smaller communities of
East York East York is a former administrative district and municipality within Toronto, Ontario, Canada. From 1967 to 1998, it was officially the Borough of East York, a semi-autonomous borough within the upper-tier municipality of Metropolitan Toron ...
,
Etobicoke Etobicoke (, ) is an administrative district of, and one of six municipalities amalgamated into, the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Comprising the city's west-end, Etobicoke was first settled by Europeans in the 1790s, and the municipalit ...
, Forest Hill,
Leaside Leaside (/'liːˌsaɪd/) is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located northeast of Downtown Toronto, in the vicinity of Eglinton Avenue East and Bayview Avenue. The area takes its name from William Lea and the Lea family, who se ...
, Long Branch,
Mimico Mimico is a neighbourhood (and a former municipality) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, being located in the south-west area of Toronto on Lake Ontario. It is in the south-east corner of the former Township (and later, City) of Etobicoke, and was an in ...
,
New Toronto New Toronto is a neighbourhood and former municipality in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the south-west area of Toronto, along Lake Ontario. The Town of New Toronto was established in 1890, and was designed and planned as an indust ...
,
North York North York is one of the six administrative districts of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located directly north of York, Old Toronto and East York, between Etobicoke to the west and Scarborough to the east. As of the 2016 Census, it had a popu ...
,
Scarborough Scarborough or Scarboro may refer to: People * Scarborough (surname) * Earl of Scarbrough Places Australia * Scarborough, Western Australia, suburb of Perth * Scarborough, New South Wales, suburb of Wollongong * Scarborough, Queensland, su ...
,
Swansea Swansea (; cy, Abertawe ) is a coastal city and the second-largest city of Wales. It forms a principal area, officially known as the City and County of Swansea ( cy, links=no, Dinas a Sir Abertawe). The city is the twenty-fifth largest in ...
,
Weston Weston may refer to: Places Australia * Weston, Australian Capital Territory, a suburb of Canberra * Weston, New South Wales * Weston Creek, a residential district of Canberra * Weston Park, Canberra, a park Canada * Weston, Nova Scotia * ...
and
York York is a cathedral city with Roman origins, sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. It is the historic county town of Yorkshire. The city has many historic buildings and other structures, such as a ...
, was created by the Government of Ontario to support suburban growth. This new municipality could borrow money on its own for capital projects and it received taxes from all municipalities including Toronto, which meant that the Toronto tax base was now available to support the suburban growth. The new regional government built highways, water systems and public transit, while the thirteen townships, villages, towns, and cities continued to provide some local services to their residents. To manage the yearly upkeep of the new infrastructure, the new regional government levied its own property tax, collected by the local municipalities. On January 1, 1967, several of the smaller municipalities were amalgamated with larger ones, reducing their number to six. Forest Hill and Swansea became part of Toronto; Long Branch, Mimico, and New Toronto joined Etobicoke; Weston merged with York, and Leaside amalgamated with East York. This arrangement lasted until 1998. Although a referendum of the Metro municipalities showed broad opposition, the Ontario government passed the ''City of Toronto Act, 1996'', which spelled the demise of the Metro Toronto federation. During 1997, the municipalities of Metro were placed under provincial trusteeship. On January 1, 1998, Metro and its constituent municipalities were dissolved, replaced by a single-tier "megacity" of Toronto, which is the successor of the previous City of Toronto.
Mel Lastman Melvin Douglas Lastman (March 9, 1933 – December 11, 2021) was a Canadian businessman and politician who served as the third mayor of North York from 1973 to 1997 and 62nd mayor of Toronto from 1998 to 2003. He was the first person to serve ...
, the long-time mayor of North York before the amalgamation, became the first mayor (62nd overall) of the new megacity. Existing by-laws of the individual municipalities were retained until such time that new citywide by-laws could be written and enacted. New citywide by-laws have been enacted, although many of the individual differences were continued, applying only to the districts where the by-laws applied, such as winter sidewalk clearing, and garbage pickup. The existing city halls of the various municipalities were retained by the new corporation for various purposes. The City of York's civic centre became a court office. The existing 1965 City Hall of Toronto became the city hall of the new megacity, while Metro Hall, the "city hall" of the Metro government is used as municipal office space. The community councils of Etobicoke-York, North York and Scarborough meet in the pre-existing municipal buildings. In 2018, just before the 2018 election, the Ontario government of Doug Ford passed the ''Better Local Government Act'', which redefined the number and representation of Toronto City Council. Numbers were reduced to 25, and council districts to match the provincial electoral districts. The passage took place -during- the ongoing election campaign, and spurred a number of lawsuits by potential candidates and a referral to the Ontario courts of the act's constitutionality. Its constitutionality was upheld and the reduced number of councillors was elected. In 2022, the Ford government passed the ''
Strong Mayors, Building Homes Act The ''Strong Mayors, Building Homes Act'' is a statute in Ontario that grants extra powers to the Mayor of Toronto and the Mayor of Ottawa within their mayor–council governments. Powers granted The Act grants the Mayors of Toronto and Ottawa d ...
'', which redefined the powers of the mayor of Toronto. Under the act, the mayor could overrule a motion of City Council that had less than a 66 per cent plurality. Ostensibly introduced to allow the passage of bylaws that would increase the supply of housing in Toronto, the act received a lot of criticism as anti-democratic. Mayor Tory supported the law, however, pledged to continue to act by consensus.


Divisions, agencies and corporations

Toronto City Council is the primary decision making body defined in the ''City of Toronto Act''. A number of divisions (core public service, or "Toronto Public Service"; responsible to the city council through the city manager), agencies (responsible through their relevant boards), and corporations (municipally owned through the city council) administer programs and services as directed by the city council. *
Toronto City Council Toronto City Council is the governing body of the municipal government of Toronto, Ontario. Meeting at Toronto City Hall, it comprises 25 city councillors and the mayor of Toronto. The current term began on November 15, 2022. Structure The cur ...
Mayor of Toronto The mayor of Toronto is the head of Toronto City Council and chief executive officer of the municipal government. The mayor is elected alongside city council every four years on the fourth Monday of October; there are no term limits. While in ...
** Office of the City Clerk ** Office of the Ombudsman ** Office of the Auditor General ** Office of the Integrity Commissioner ** Office of the Lobbyist Registrar ** Medical officer of health (statutory; see Public Health) ** Office of the City Manager *** Office of the Chief of Staff *** Strategic Communications – Chief communications officer *** Office of the Chief Information Security Officer *** People & Equity Division – Chief people officer *** Indigenous Affairs Office – Director *** Governance & Corporate Strategy – Director *** Intergovernmental and Agency Relations – Director *** Executive Administration – Director *** Strategic Partnerships – Director *** Concept2Keys – Chief operating officer *** Community & Social Services – Deputy city manager ****
Public Health Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". Analyzing the det ...
(administrative) – Medical officer of health **** Housing Secretariat – Executive director **** Seniors Services and Long-Term Care – General manager **** Children's Services – General manager **** Parks, Forestry & Recreation – General manager **** Court Services – Director **** Shelter, Support & Housing Administration Division – General manager **** Toronto Economic Development and Culture Division – General manager **** Social Development, Finance & Administration – Executive director **** Employment & Social Services – General manager **** Paramedic Services – Chief & general manager *** Infrastructure & Development Services – Deputy city manager **** Engineering & Construction Services – Chief engineer & executive director **** Toronto Water Division – General manager **** Municipal Licensing & Standards Division – Executive director **** Transit Expansion Office – Executive director **** Policy, Planning, Finance & Administration – Executive director **** Transportation Services – General manager **** Solid Waste Management Services – General manager **** City Planning – Chief planner & executive director **** Toronto Building – Chief building official & executive director ****
Fire Services A fire department (American English) or fire brigade (Commonwealth English), also known as a fire authority, fire district, fire and rescue, or fire service in some areas, is an organization that provides fire prevention and fire suppression se ...
– Fire chief & general manager, Emergency Management ***** Office of Emergency Management – Director *** Corporate Services – Deputy city manager **** Technology Services – Chief technology officer **** 311 Toronto – Director **** Fleet Services – General manager **** Environment & Energy – Director **** Corporate Real Estate Management – Executive director *** Finance & Treasury Services – Chief financial officer and treasurer **** Financial Planning – Executive director **** Internal Audit – Director **** Office of the Controller **** Accounting Services – Director **** Pension, Payroll & Employee Benefits – Director **** Purchasing & Materials Management – Chief procurement officer **** Revenue Services – Director ** Agencies (operate separately from the core public administration; responsible to the council through respective boards) **** CreateTO ****
Exhibition Place Exhibition Place is a publicly owned mixed-use district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located by the shoreline of Lake Ontario, just west of downtown. The site includes exhibit, trade, and banquet centres, theatre and music buildings, monuments ...
****
Heritage Toronto Heritage Toronto is an agency of the Municipal Government of Toronto that works to builds a better city by bringing people together to explore Toronto’s shared past and peoples’ lived experiences. It is located in St. Lawrence Hall in the city. ...
**** TO Live **** The Atmospheric Fund **** Toronto Investment Board ****
Toronto Parking Authority The Toronto Parking Authority (TPA), commonly known as Green P for its green-colour branding, is a municipal parking services company owned by the Municipal government of Toronto, City of Toronto. The TPA was established in 1998 with the merger of ...
****
Toronto Police Service The Toronto Police Service (TPS) is a municipal police force in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and the primary agency responsible for providing law enforcement and policing services in Toronto. Established in 1834, it was the first local police ser ...
– Chief of police (
Toronto Police Services Board The Toronto Police Services Board (TPSB) is the civilian police board that governs the Toronto Police Service (TPS). The board is responsible for approving the annual police budget, defining objectives and policies for TPS, and hiring Chief of the ...
) ****
Toronto Public Library Toronto Public Library (TPL) (french: Bibliothèque publique de Toronto) is a public library system in Toronto, Ontario. It is the largest public library system in Canada, and in 2008 had averaged a higher circulation per capita than any other pu ...
****
Toronto Transit Commission The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) is the public transport agency that operates bus, subway, streetcar, and paratransit services in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, some of which run into the Peel Region and York Region. It is the oldest and largest ...
****
Toronto Zoo The Toronto Zoo is a zoo located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Encompassing , the Toronto Zoo is the largest zoo in Canada. It is divided into seven zoogeographic regions: Indo-Malaya, Africa, Americas, Tundra Trek, Australasia, Eurasia, and the ...
**** Yonge-Dundas Square *** Partnered agency ****
Toronto and Region Conservation Authority The Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) is a conservation authority in southern Ontario, Canada. It owns about of land in the Toronto region, and it employs more than 400 full-time employees and coordinates more than 3,000 voluntee ...
** Corporations (publicly owned by the City of Toronto through the council) *** Build Toronto Inc. ***
Casa Loma Casa Loma (improper Spanish for "Hill House") is a Gothic Revival castle-style mansion and garden in midtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that is now a historic house museum and landmark. It was constructed from 1911 to 1914 as a residence for fina ...
Corporation *** Lakeshore Arena Corporation ***
Toronto Community Housing Corporation Toronto Community Housing Corporation (TCHC) is the public housing agency in Toronto, Ontario. A municipal corporation of the City of Toronto, TCHC provides approximately 60,000 units of housing to an estimated 165,000 residents, making it is the ...
*** Toronto Hydro Corporation *** Toronto Port Lands Company (Toronto Economic Development Corporation) ** Partnered corporations *** Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre Inc. (with
University of Toronto The University of Toronto (UToronto or U of T) is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park. It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King's College, the first institution ...
) *** Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation (with
Government of Ontario The government of Ontario (french: Gouvernement de l'Ontario) is the body responsible for the administration of the Canadian province of Ontario. A constitutional monarchy, the Crown—represented in the province by the lieutenant governor ...
and
Government of Canada The government of Canada (french: gouvernement du Canada) is the body responsible for the federal administration of Canada. A constitutional monarchy, the Crown is the corporation sole, assuming distinct roles: the executive, as the ''Crown ...
) ** Quasi-judicial and adjudicative boards *** Administrative Penalty Tribunal (parking enforcement) *** Committee of Adjustment *** Committee of Revision *** Compliance Audit Committee *** Dangerous Dog Review Tribunal *** Property Standards Committee *** Rooming House Licensing Commissioner *** Sign Variance Committee *** Toronto Licensing Tribunal *** Toronto Local Appeal Body


References


Bibliography

* *


External links

*
Toronto municipal budget
{{Metro Toronto Government 1998 establishments in Ontario